NMN

NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is a nucleotide derived from ribose and nicotinamide. It is a direct precursor to NAD+ — once absorbed, NMN is converted to NAD+ by the enzyme NMNAT in cells. NMN is one of the most studied NAD+ boosting compounds, with multiple human clinical trials demonstrating its ability to raise NAD+ levels by 40-100%. NMN is primarily taken orally as capsules or powder (250-1000 mg/day). Recent research has also explored subcutaneous injection for faster delivery. Unlike NAD+ itself, NMN has good oral bioavailability and is efficiently converted to NAD+ in the body. It is not a peptide but is widely used alongside peptide-based longevity protocols.

NMN enters cells primarily after being converted to NR (nicotinamide riboside) by the enzyme CD73 on the cell surface. Inside the cell, NR is re-phosphorylated to NMN by NRK1/2 kinases. NMN is then converted to NAD+ by NMNAT enzymes. Some evidence also suggests direct transport of NMN via the Slc12a8 transporter in the gut. The resulting NAD+ activates sirtuins (SIRT1-7), PARPs (DNA repair enzymes), and CD38 — all critical regulators of aging, metabolism, and cellular stress response.

Aging and Longevity • Clinical trials show NMN supplementation increases blood NAD+ levels by 40-100% • Shown to improve age-related biomarkers including telomere length and epigenetic age • Supports sirtuin activation — a key pathway in longevity and caloric restriction mimicry Metabolic Health • Improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in clinical studies • Enhances mitochondrial energy production and physical endurance • Supports healthy body composition and lipid metabolism • Reduces markers of chronic low-grade inflammation Physical Performance • Improves aerobic capacity and muscle oxygen utilization • Enhances exercise endurance in both animal models and human trials • Supports muscle NAD+ levels and post-exercise recovery Neurological Health • Supports cognitive function and brain energy metabolism • Preclinical neuroprotection in models of Alzheimer’s and ischemic brain injury • Enhances neuronal DNA repair and reduces neuroinflammation Cardiovascular Health • Supports vascular elasticity and endothelial function • Reduces arterial stiffness in aging • Improves cardiac energy metabolism

Generally well tolerated at doses up to 1200 mg/day in clinical trials. Mild side effects may include nausea, digestive discomfort, and headache. No serious adverse effects reported in published human trials.

Store in a cool, dry place away from light. NMN is relatively stable at room temperature but benefits from refrigeration for long-term storage. Avoid moisture exposure.

NMN is sold as a dietary supplement in most countries. Not approved as a drug. In the US, FDA status has been debated regarding its classification as a supplement vs. investigational drug.