Section 01
What it's used for
Weight Loss in Phase 2 Trial
In a Phase 2 human trial, the highest dose led to up to 24.2% body weight loss after 48 weeks of treatment. A larger Phase 3 study, called TRIUMPH, is now under way to confirm these results in a wider group of people.
▸Clinical wording
Phase 2 trial demonstrated up to 24.2% body weight loss at 48 weeks (highest dose). Phase 3 TRIUMPH program ongoing.
Blood Sugar Improvement
In human trials, this peptide lowered HbA1c, a marker of average blood sugar over time, by up to 2.0 percentage points. Larger Phase 3 trials are now under way to confirm these results in people with type 2 diabetes.
▸Clinical wording
HbA1c reductions up to 2.0%. Phase 3 trials in progress.
Early Signal for Liver Fat
One of its components, glucagon, reduces fat stored in the liver, making this peptide a promising candidate for NASH (fatty liver disease). Early human trial data already show a significant reduction in liver fat.
▸Clinical wording
Glucagon-mediated hepatic fat reduction makes retatrutide promising for NASH. Early data shows significant liver fat reduction.
Studied for Sleep Apnea
Researchers are studying this peptide for obstructive sleep apnea, reasoning that its weight-loss effect — and possibly other direct effects on metabolism — could ease the condition. Results are not yet established.
▸Clinical wording
Being studied based on weight loss efficacy and potential direct metabolic effects.
Section 02
Mechanism of Action
Hitting three metabolic hormone switches
- The molecule activates receptors for three hormones that together control appetite and metabolism.
- One arm curbs appetite and drives insulin release (GLP-1), another improves fat tissue function (GIP).
- The third arm, the glucagon receptor, raises energy burn, liver fat oxidation and heat production.
- That glucagon component is the main difference from tirzepatide.
▸Clinical wording
Triple Incretin Receptor Agonism
Retatrutide activates three complementary metabolic hormone receptors: GLP-1R (appetite suppression, insulin secretion), GIPR (metabolic improvement, adipose function), and GCGR (glucagon receptor — enhanced energy expenditure, hepatic fat oxidation, thermogenesis). The glucagon component is the key differentiator from tirzepatide.
Turning up the body's energy burn
- Glucagon signalling in the liver breaks down stored sugar, makes new sugar and generates heat.
- It raises energy expenditure by 10-15% through greater fatty acid burning and ketone production.
- That counteracts the slowdown in energy burn that normally limits how long weight loss lasts.
▸Clinical wording
Glucagon-Mediated Energy Expenditure
Glucagon receptor activation in the liver drives glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, amino acid catabolism, and hepatic thermogenesis. It increases energy expenditure by 10-15% through enhanced fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis — counteracting the metabolic adaptation (reduced energy expenditure) that typically limits weight loss durability.
Section 03
Biological Pathways
- GLP-1R / cAMP SignalingGLP-1 receptor activation raises intracellular cAMP, driving insulin secretion and suppressing appetite, one of three complementary incretin receptor arms retatrutide engages alongside GIPR and GCGR.
- GIPR / cAMP SignalingGIP receptor activation via cAMP contributes to metabolic improvement and supports adipose tissue function, forming the second incretin arm alongside GLP-1R and GCGR in retatrutide's triple agonism.
- GCGR/PKA/CREB SignalingGlucagon receptor activation drives hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and thermogenesis, raising energy expenditure 10-15% via fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, the key differentiator from tirzepatide.
- FGF21 and AMPK ActivationGlucagon signaling upregulates FGF21 while activating AMPK in liver and brown adipose tissue, both reinforcing the fatty-acid oxidation already driven by the GCGR pathway.
Section 04
Dosage Information
GIP/GLP-1/Glucagon triple receptor agonist (39 amino acids with C20 fatty acid)| Route / system | Context | Range studied | Limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Subcutaneous — phase 3, obesity | 80 weeks, 2,339 adults | 4, 9 or 12 mg a week — about 44–171 µg/kg at 70–90 kg; 12 mg is the highest ever given. Arms began at 2 mg, then 4, 6 and 9 mg. | The numbers exist only inside a 16-week step-up under trial supervision. Retatrutide is approved in no country, so no regulator has backed a dose. |
| Subcutaneous — phase 2, dose-finding | 48 weeks, 338 adults with obesity | 1, 4, 8 or 12 mg a week. The 4 mg and 8 mg groups were built up from two starting doses, 2 mg and 4 mg, to compare tolerance. | Dose-finding, not a dosing scheme: gut side effects grew with the dose, and the 2 mg start only partly softened them. Weight was still falling at 48 weeks. |
| Subcutaneous — phase 3, type 2 diabetes | 40 weeks, 537 adults | 4, 9 or 12 mg a week; three-month average blood sugar (HbA1c) fell 1.69–1.94% against 0.81% on placebo. Phase 2 went down to 0.5 mg. | Most had never taken a blood-sugar drug and had diabetes for 2.5 years on average. The doses say nothing about anyone already on insulin. |
| Subcutaneous — self-administration | Clinics and online vendors, outside trials | Trial numbers copied as is: 1–2 mg weekly to start, 4-week steps to 4–12 mg. Research vials hold 5–30 mg — the dose is what is drawn. | Practice, not a finding: trial numbers without the trial's step-up, checks or drug quality. US poison-centre calls hit 95 a month in early 2026, up 265%. |
Results
Syringe Fill Level (100u syringe)
Set positive values for: Recommended dose per kg.
Research Use Only. This information is for educational and research purposes only. Not intended for medical advice or self-medication.
Section 05
Protocols
No protocols featuring this peptide yet. Browse All Protocols
Section 06
Stability & Storage
Lyophilised powder
Retatrutide is still in clinical development, and commercial data on its powder form and long-term storage are not yet public; handling depends on the sponsor's manufacturing protocol and the specific batch. The C20 fatty-acid side chain that lets it bind albumin and support once-weekly dosing also tends to make the molecule more robust than shorter, unmodified peptides.
After reconstitution
Stability data for the solution used in the once-weekly subcutaneous injection have not been published. Trial sites follow the sponsor's own handling and storage instructions until this information becomes public.
Section 07
Side Effects & Precautions
Reported effects of retatrutide include gastrointestinal and cardiovascular reactions, a theoretical glucose-related mechanism, and a safety profile still pending further data.
Common GI effects
GI effects (nausea 16-25%, diarrhea 16-22%, vomiting 8-13%) are the most common. They are mitigated by slow dose titration.
Other reported effects
- Decreased appetite.
- Transient increase in heart rate.
- The full safety profile is pending Phase 3 data.
Glucagon component and glucose monitoring
The glucagon component theoretically opposes insulin's glucose-lowering effect, so hyperglycemia is monitored; this is balanced by the GLP-1/GIP components.
Section 08
Regulatory Status
Eli Lilly's Phase 3 TRIUMPH program has now reported positive results in three separate trials, but the company has not yet filed for approval, and the compound remains illegal to compound or sell outside a registered clinical trial.
Clinical trials
Phase 3 TRIUMPH results are positive
Eli Lilly's pivotal TRIUMPH-1 trial in adults with obesity but no diabetes (2,339 participants) reported 28.3% average weight loss at 80 weeks on May 21, 2026, meeting all endpoints; TRIUMPH-2 (with type 2 diabetes) and TRIUMPH-3 (with cardiovascular disease) also met their primary endpoints.
FDA / United States
Not approved, no filing yet
Retatrutide (Eli Lilly's internal code LY3437943) remains an investigational triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist; the company has said it will seek approval using the TRIUMPH data, but as of August 2026 no application has been filed and no decision date is set.
Compounding
Not a legal ingredient
Because retatrutide has never been FDA-approved, it does not appear on the 503A bulk drug substances list and is not eligible for the 503A or 503B compounding exemptions; the FDA has issued warning letters to vendors selling it as an unapproved new drug since September 2025.
WADA
Not on the Prohibited List
Retatrutide is absent from both the S2 (peptide hormones) and S4 (hormone and metabolic modulators) sections of the 2026 list, and from the 2026 Monitoring Program, which currently tracks only semaglutide and tirzepatide markers.
Retatrutide's status will change once Eli Lilly actually files for approval — track the FDA's and EMA's decisions directly rather than vendor claims, and note that a «research use only» label does not make a product legal to buy or use outside a registered trial.
Section 09
Research Studies
- [1]LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of conceptCoskun T, Urva S, Roell WC, et al. · Cell Metabolism · 2022
- [2]LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trialUrva S, Coskun T, Loh MT, et al. · The Lancet · 2022
- [3]Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 TrialJastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2023
- [4]Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USARosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff AM, et al. · The Lancet · 2023
- [5]Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trialSanyal AJ, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. · Nature Medicine · 2024
- [6]A rationally designed monomeric peptide triagonist corrects obesity and diabetes in rodentsFinan B, Yang B, Ottaway N, et al. · Nature Medicine · 2015
- [7]The metabolic actions of glucagon revisitedHabegger KM, Heppner KM, Geary N, Bartness TJ, DiMarchi R, Tschop MH. · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · 2010
- [8]Glucagon increases energy expenditure independently of brown adipose tissue activation in humansSalem V, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Coello C, et al. · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · 2015
Section 10
Frequently Asked Questions
In the phase 2 trial, the highest dose produced up to 24.2% body weight loss at 48 weeks — the largest reduction reported for any anti-obesity medication in trials to date. Phase 3 trials (the TRIUMPH program) are still ongoing to confirm this at scale, and retatrutide isn't approved by any regulator yet, so this remains trial evidence rather than a settled result.
Trials don't report a single moment when it 'starts working' — weight and HbA1c were tracked over many weeks, with phase 2 obesity data running to 48 weeks and phase 3 diabetes data to 40 weeks. Dosing is also stepped up gradually over roughly 16 weeks in some designs, so early weeks reflect a lower dose than later ones, which makes time-to-effect hard to separate from the escalation schedule itself.
This isn't addressed in the sourcing available here — the retatrutide trials tracked weight loss and HbA1c changes during dosing, not what happens after stopping. No discontinuation or rebound data specific to retatrutide is included, so what happens after stopping remains unanswered by the evidence gathered so far.
It's still in phase 3 trials — the TRIUMPH program — which haven't yet completed and reported the full results regulators require. It has shown strong phase 2 obesity results and phase 3 type 2 diabetes results, but regulatory filings are pending completion of that trial program, not yet submitted.
Gastrointestinal effects are the most common: nausea in 16 to 25%, diarrhea in 16 to 22%, and vomiting in 8 to 13%, generally reduced by starting at a lower dose and increasing gradually. Decreased appetite and a transient increase in heart rate are also reported. Because the glucagon component could theoretically raise blood sugar while the GLP-1/GIP components lower it, hyperglycemia is monitored in trials, and the full safety profile is still pending complete phase 3 data.
It isn't approved by any regulator, so there's no licensed medical use anywhere yet — it exists only as a trial drug and in unregulated vials sold online, which is part of why US poison-control centers reported a 265% jump in retatrutide-related calls in early 2026. As for sport: GLP-1 receptor agonists as a class are not on WADA's Prohibited List and don't require a therapeutic use exemption; the class was added to WADA's monitoring program instead, with whether to prohibit it under discussion ahead of the 2028 Olympics.
No storage data have been published for retatrutide specifically — it remains an investigational compound, so long-term stability of the powder or a reconstituted solution isn't public. Trial sites follow the sponsor's own handling protocol; its fatty-acid side chain, the same kind of modification used to extend other once-weekly peptides' stability, suggests it may be more robust than short, unmodified peptides, but that's an inference, not measured data for this specific drug.